Methods and apparatus to identify affinity between segment attributes and product characteristics

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed to identify affinity between segment attributes and product characteristics. An example method includes identifying, with a processor, a set of product characteristics from purchase transactions that exhibit a threshold product affinity, selecting, with the processor, a set of products having at least one product characteristic from the set of product characteristics that exhibit the threshold product affinity, the set of products associated with first segments, extracting, with the processor, segment attributes from the first segments, and improving a market success of the product of interest by identifying, with the processor, target segments based on ones of the extracted segment attributes exhibiting a threshold segment affinity.

RELATED APPLICATION

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/180,812, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,909,560, entitled “Methods andApparatus to Identify Affinity Between Segment Attributes and ProductCharacteristics,” which was filed on Nov. 5, 2018. U.S. application Ser.No. 16/180,812 claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/821,363, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,147,108, entitled “Methods andApparatus to Identify Affinity Between Segment Attributes and ProductCharacteristics,” which was filed on Aug. 7, 2015. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/821,363 claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/142,427,entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Identify Affinity Between SegmentAttributes and Product Characteristics,” which was filed on Apr. 2,2015. U.S. application Ser. No. 16/180,812, U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/821,363, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/142,147 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties. Priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 16/180,812, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/821,363, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/142,147 is hereby claimed.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to market research, and, moreparticularly, to methods and apparatus to identify affinity betweensegment attributes and product characteristics.

BACKGROUND

In recent years, retailers, marketers, and manufacturers have tried topredict which products can be marketed/displayed together to promotesales. These predictions are used, for example, to design promotions,print coupons at the point of sale, design retail floor plans, and/ordesign products to complement existing products. Market researchentities often rely on (a) information generated by loyalty programs,(b) demographics, and/or (c) databases of past transactions to provideproduct recommendations to consumers, marketers, retailers andmanufacturers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system having one or more transactionprocessors in communication with a market research entity (MRE) togenerate product recommendations.

FIG. 2 illustrates the example affinity manager of FIG. 1 to receivetransaction records and generate product recommendations.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example data structure to associate trade itemnumbers with product identifiers.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example data structure to associate productidentifiers with characteristics values.

FIG. 5A illustrates example transaction sets generated from atransaction record.

FIG. 5B illustrates example attributes for corresponding segments.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement an example affinitymanager of FIG. 2 to generate product recommendations.

FIGS. 7 and 8 are flow diagrams representative of example machinereadable instructions that may be executed to implement an exampleproduct retriever, an example characteristic retriever and/or an exampleaffinity manager of FIG. 2 to generate new product characteristictransaction sets.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement an example affinitygenerator of FIG. 2 to generate product characteristic affinity rules.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement an example affinitygenerator of FIG. 2 to generate frequent item sets.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example productrecommender of FIG. 2 to generate product recommendations.

FIGS. 12-14 are flow diagrams representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example segmentattribute retriever, the example segment affinity manager, the exampleattribute affinity generator and the example attribute permutationengine to identify segment attributes having affinity therebetween.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an example processor system that mayexecute any of the machine readable instructions represented by FIGS.6-14 to implement the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and/or 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Examples disclosed herein may be used to predict which consumer segmentsshould be targeted for marketing of a product of interest. Additionally,examples disclosed herein may be used to identify candidate productcharacteristics to be added to a product that improve a likelihood ofsuccess in a segment of interest. Marketing for the product of interestmay include coupons, cross-promotional offers, marketing suggestionsand/or product development research. One or more predictions aregenerated based on affinity relationships associated with characteristicvalues of the product of interest and affinity relationships associatedwith attributes of one or more consumer segments. As used herein,“product affinity” of one or more products refers to one or more metricsthat reflect and/or otherwise predict a likelihood of which products orcharacteristic (e.g., product characteristics, user characteristics,etc.) values go together in a transaction (e.g., a shopping basket,etc.) with an occurrence threshold and/or a level of confidence. As usedherein, “segment affinity” of one or more consumer segments refers toone or more metrics that reflect and/or otherwise predict a likelihoodof which segment attributes (e.g., age, gender, number of children in ahousehold, etc.) go together in a transaction (e.g., a shopping basket,etc.) with an occurrence threshold and/or a level of confidence. As usedherein, general reference(s) to “affinity” refers to either a productaffinity, a segment affinity, and/or one or more metrics indicative of alikelihood that a particular product characteristic and a particularsegment attribute occur together with a level of confidence.

A high affinity value has a corresponding high level of confidence thata particular product characteristic and a particular segment will occurtogether. A low affinity value has a corresponding low level ofconfidence that a particular product characteristic and a particularsegment will occur together. An association is a relationship between afirst group of one or more products/characteristic values/segmentattributes and a second group of one or more products/characteristicvalues/segment attributes, where an appearance of the first group in atransaction implies that the second group may also appear in thetransaction. An affinity rule is an association that has a greater thana threshold level of support of observed occurrences and a greater thana threshold level of confidence of such occurrences, as described infurther detail below.

A market research entity (MRE) may establish a threshold (e.g., minimum)level of support and a corresponding threshold (e.g., minimum) level ofconfidence to discard insignificant associations and/or to discard oneor more associations that occur infrequently. An example MRE mayestablish a threshold level of confidence of, for example, 5%. Further,an example product association may state that a “package of cookiesimplies milk” and may be denoted with an arrow symbol, such as (“apackage of cookies”→“milk”). The example association may have aconfidence level of 27%. An example affinity rule may state that, with a27% level of confidence, a package of cookies implies milk (i.e., 27% ofthe transactions that contain a package of cookies also contain milk).In other examples, a specific product of interest may be analyzed toidentify which characteristics exhibit a relatively highest affinitywith other characteristics. A yogurt product, for example, exhibitsrelatively strong affinity between its characteristics of low calories,high protein, and low carbohydrates.

In still other examples, the MRE identifies consumer groups (e.g.,segments) associated with respective consumers that are based ongeographical, demographic, behavioral and/or lifestyle attributes. Anexample segment association may state that “healthful food consumersimplies regular exercise routines.” Stated differently, segmentattributes of the example healthful food consumers having the strongestrelative affinity include people who follow regular exercise routines,maintain regular physician appointments, eat healthy foods, and payattention to nutrition.

Examples disclosed herein identify, in some instances, potentialaffinity between the healthful food consumer attributes and the yogurtproduct characteristics. That affinity may be used to predict whichsegments will likely buy a product/service of interest. Withoutinformation that indicates whether a product of interest is likely to beadopted by (e.g., purchase) a particular segment of interest, thenmarketing efforts toward that segment of interest may be wasteful.Additionally, one or more other products of interest may be analyzed toidentify corresponding product affinity values to determine respectivesegment affinity values. As such, those segments that represent thesegment affinity values may be identified and/or predicted as one ormore target segment groups to which the candidate product of interestwill likely succeed with marketing efforts. As such, examples disclosedherein reduce (e.g., minimize) money and/or resources when marketing theproduct(s) of interest, thereby improving a market success of theproduct(s) of interest by targeting those particular segments having ahigher likelihood of purchasing.

The MRE may maintain a database of products that associates trade itemnumbers (e.g., Universal Product Codes (UPC), International ArticleNumbers (EAN), Japanese Article Numbers (JAN), International StandardBook Numbers (ISBN), Manufacturer Part Numbers (MPN), etc.) with productidentifiers (IDs) and/or other product information (e.g., shortdescription, long description, brand, manufacturer, trade item numberhistory, etc.). The product ID may be a unique identifier separate fromthe trade item number and may be assigned to a product by the MRE. Theproduct IDs may identify products that are part of a transaction or aseries of related transactions. Additionally, the MRE may maintain adatabase of characteristic values to associate product IDs withcharacteristic values. Characteristic values are a discrete set ofuniform descriptors defined by the MRE to categorize products in theproducts database. Characteristic values include a greater degree ofdescriptive granularity compared to product information (e.g., shortdescription, long description, etc.) associated with a product in theproduct database. In some examples, the characteristic values includebrand, product type and color, packaging and packaging materials, andmarketing claims (e.g. organic, low calorie, etc.), etc. In someexamples, a product ID may be associated with a large number ofcharacteristic values. In some examples, the database of products andthe database of characteristic values may be linked.

Generating product affinity rules using characteristic values allows forgeneration of targeted product recommendations. Continuing the examplediscussed above, a package of cookies might be associated with thecharacteristic values of “high fiber” and “gluten free.” An exampleaffinity rule might state that “high fiber” and “gluten free”characteristic values are related to “skim” with an 80% confidencelevel. Stated differently, 80% of transactions that include both “highfiber” and “gluten free” characteristic values will also include a“skim” characteristic value. Thus, when a package of high fiber, glutenfree cookies appears in a customer's basket, a product recommendation(e.g., a coupon, an advertisement, an instant discount, etc.) to buyskim milk may be generated instead of a generic product recommendationto buy milk.

In some examples, when a commercial establishment (e.g., a retailer, asupermarket, a warehouse store, a sports equipment store, etc.) wants todecide which products to stock, example methods and/or apparatusdisclosed herein provide strategic information for a productrecommendation (e.g., a marketing plan, a layout plan, etc.) byrecommending item combinations to stock and/or new products tosupplement sales of existing products. For example, a commercialestablishment that wants to expand its health food sales may receive aproduct recommendation to stock both high fiber, gluten free cookies andskim milk. In some examples, a manufacturer that wants to engineer a newproduct and/or supplement an existing product line may receive a productrecommendation (e.g. analysis report, etc.) to create a skim milk latteto supplement strong sales of high fiber, gluten free cookies.

Generating segment affinity rules using segment attribute values allowsfor identification of segment attributes that are likely to occurtogether in a purchase decision. The consumer segment of healthful foodconsumers exhibits relatively strongly associated attributes of regularcheck-ups, healthy eating, exercise and reading nutrition labels. Assuch, an example segment affinity rule/association might state that thepresence of the healthy eating attribute in a group (e.g., a segmentgroup of interest) suggests a co-presence of the exercise attribute, inwhich these two example attributes have a 70% likelihood of occurringtogether. In other examples, the presence of an age attribute of 28-32and a marriage attribute suggests a co-presence of an attribute of thepresence of children in the household. Knowledge of the segmentaffinities for a particular group facilitates an ability to considerother group attributes that are likely to occur when targeting, forexample, marketing efforts (e.g., marketing efforts of a particularproduct having particular characteristics that have a degree of affinitywith one or more segment attributes).

In some examples, a customer may bring products to a transactionprocessor (e.g., a register, an online shopping cart, a household-basedscanner, etc.). At the transaction processor, trade item numbers (e.g.,Universal Product Codes (UPC), International Article Numbers (EAN),Japanese Article Numbers (JAN), International Standard Book Numbers(ISBN), Manufacturer Part Numbers (MPN), etc.) associated with theproducts are scanned (e.g., at a register) and/or retrieved frommetadata associated with a product (e.g., at an ecommerce transaction).These products may be grouped to form a new transaction recordassociated with a transaction identifier (ID). A transaction ID is avalue that identifies the transaction record and/or trade item numbersthat belong to the transaction record. The new transaction recordcontains the trade item numbers processed in a transaction (e.g., thetrade item numbers associated with the products in a customer's shoppingbasket at checkout, etc.). In some examples, one or more trade itemnumbers are sent to the MRE before a transaction is completed (e.g., asthe trade item numbers are scanned and/or collected by the transactionprocessor, etc.). In other examples, the trade item numbers are sent tothe MRE as the transaction record when the transaction is complete. Asdescribed in further detail below, when the transaction is complete, anew set of affinity rules may be generated using the new transaction andone or more existing transactions from a transaction database. A productrecommendation may then be generated. In some examples, the MRE may sendthe product recommendation to a retailer associated with thetransaction. The retailer, in some examples, presents (e.g., via acoupon, via an advertisement, via an instant discount, via apersonalized shopping portal, etc.) the product recommendation to thecustomer associated with the transaction.

In other examples, the MRE seeks insight regarding correlations between(a) certain product characteristics and/or characteristic values of aproduct of interest and (b) consumer segments and/or attributesassociated with one or more consumer segments. In the event correlations(e.g., affinities) are identified between one or more productcharacteristics and one or more segment attributes, then predictions maybe made for the product of interest regarding which target segments willlikely result in successful marketing efforts and/or a prediction ofwhich target segments are likely to buy one or more products/services ofinterest.

FIG. 1 illustrates example transaction processors 100 (e.g., cashregisters, online shopping carts, credit card processors,household-based scanners, etc.) which provide transaction records to anexample market research entity (MRE) 102. In some examples, the MRE 102provides product recommendations (e.g., advertisements, coupons, instantdiscounts, marketing plans, layout plans, analysis reports, etc.) to thetransaction processor 100, such as during point-of-sale activities tooffer real-time marketing opportunities. In the illustrated example, theexample transaction processors 100 communicate with the MRE 102 througha network 104 via a wired and/or wireless connection (e.g., acable/DSL/satellite modem, a cell tower, etc.).

The MRE of the illustrated example of FIG. 1 includes an exampleaffinity manager 106, an example product database 108, an exampleproduct characteristic database 110, an example transaction database112, and an example segment database 114. In the illustrated example ofFIG. 1, the MRE 102 is provided with the product database 108 to storeproduct identifiers (IDs) to be used in generating product affinityrules. In some examples, the affinity manager 106 retrieves product IDsfrom the product database 108 for the products in a new transactionbasket. In some examples, the MRE 102 maintains the product database 108by adding, removing, and/or updating information associated with aproduct ID (e.g., adding new products, removing obsolete productinformation, updating product identifiers, etc.).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the MRE 102 is provided with theproduct characteristics database 110 to store characteristic values touse when generating characteristic value-based product affinity rules.In some examples, the product database 108 and the productcharacteristic database 110 are linked so that retrieving a product IDfrom the product database 108 also retrieves the characteristic valuesfrom the product characteristic database 110 that are associated withthe product ID. In some examples, the affinity manager 106 uses theproduct ID to retrieve characteristic values associated with the productfrom the product characteristic database 110. In some examples, the MRE102 maintains the product characteristic database 110 by adding,removing, and/or updating characteristic values that are associated withproduct IDs in the product database 108 (e.g., the MRE 102 associatesnew characteristic values to a product, removes characteristic valuesassociated with a product, etc.). As described above, characteristicvalues may include brand, product type, color, packaging and packagingmaterials, and/or marketing claims (e.g. organic, low calorie, etc.),etc. In some examples, the characteristics values are a discrete set ofuniform descriptors (e.g., “organic,” “power-saving,” “packaging:silver,” “packaging: red,” etc.) defined by the MRE 102.

The example MRE 102 of FIG. 1 is provided with the transaction database112 to store transaction baskets used in generating affinity rules. Insome examples, when a new transaction record is received from one of thetransaction processors 100, the affinity manager 106 generates a newtransaction set (e.g., a set containing characteristic values associatedwith products in the new transaction record) and stores the newtransaction set in the transaction database 112. In some examples, theMRE 102 adds and/or removes transaction sets from the transactiondatabase 112 independent of the affinity manager 106 to manage thetransaction sets used to generate product affinity rules (e.g., addstransactions sets from other sources, removes out-of-date transactionsets, etc.).

FIG. 2 illustrates an example implementation of the affinity manager 106of FIG. 1. In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, the affinity manager106 includes a product retriever 200, a characteristics retriever 202, aproduct affinity generator 204, a product affinity manager 206, aproduct recommender 208, a segment attribute retriever 220, a segmentaffinity manager 224, an attribute affinity generator 226 and anattribute permutation engine 228. The example product retriever 200receives an example transaction record 210 from a transaction processor(e.g., one of the example transaction processors 100 of FIG. 1) whichcontains trade item numbers 212 (e.g. Universal Product Codes (UPC),International Article Numbers (EAN), Japanese Article Numbers (JAN),International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN), Manufacturer Part Numbers(MPN), etc.) associated with an example transaction identifier (ID) 214.In some examples, the product retriever 200 receives the trade itemnumbers 212 associated with the transaction ID 214 from the transactionprocessor 100 as the trade item numbers 212 are processed by thetransaction processor 100 (e.g., as the trade item numbers 212 are beingscanned by a point-to-sale device at the transaction processor(s) 100,etc.). In some examples, the transaction processor 100 sends a set oftrade item numbers 212 associated with the transaction ID 214 when atransaction is complete (e.g., after a customer checks out/proceeds tocheck out using an e-commerce retailer, etc.).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, upon receiving the trade itemnumbers 212, the product retriever 200 retrieves product IDs from theproduct database 108 associated with the received trade item numbers212. The product IDs may be any value(s) (e.g., alphanumeric value(s),alphanumeric plus symbol value(s), etc.) that uniquely identifies aproduct in the product database 108. In some examples, the product ID isan alphanumeric value assigned to the product by the MRE 102 (FIG. 1).

FIG. 3 depicts an example data structure 300 that may be retrievedand/or otherwise received by the example product retriever 200 (FIG. 2)from the example product database 108. In the illustrated example ofFIG. 3, the data structure 300 includes trade item numbers (TIN) (e.g.,the trade item numbers 212 of FIG. 2) associated with a product ID (PID)302 and a product short description 304 (e.g., a description of theproduct that contains key specifications/features, brand, and/or productname, etc.). A trade item number 212 is a value (e.g., numeric value,alphanumeric value, etc.) associated with a product that uniquelyidentifies the product. Example implementations of trade item numbers212 include Universal Product Codes (UPC), International Article Numbers(EAN), Japanese Article Numbers (JAN), International Standard BookNumbers (ISBN), Manufacturer Part Numbers (MPN), etc. In some examples,the trade item number(s) 212 may be associated with other productinformation (e.g., brand, packaging, trade item number history, longdescription, etc.) in the product database 108.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, the characteristic retriever 202receives and/or otherwise retrieves the product IDs (e.g., the productIDs 302 of FIG. 3) associated with transaction IDs 214 from the productretriever 200. The example characteristic retriever 202 retrievescharacteristic values associated with the example product IDs 302 fromthe product characteristic database 110.

FIG. 4 depicts an example data structure 400 that may be retrieved bythe example characteristic retriever 202 from the example productcharacteristic database 110. In the illustrated example of FIG. 4,product IDs 302 (FIG. 3) are associated with one or more correspondingsets of characteristic values 402. In the illustrated example of FIG. 2,the characteristic retriever 200 creates a transaction set associatedwith the transaction IDs 214 containing the retrieved sets ofcharacteristic values 402. FIG. 5A includes a table 500 that depictsexample transaction sets 500 created by the example characteristicretriever 202 of FIG. 2 by combining example retrieved characteristicvalues 502, as described in further detail below.

Returning to the illustrated example of FIG. 2, the product affinitymanager 206 maintains and/or generates a map and/or table ofcharacteristic values. In some examples, the example product affinitymanager 206 maintains a count on the map and/or table for each of thecharacteristic values defined by the MRE 102. In some examples, theproduct affinity manager 206 maintains the map and/or tablecharacteristic values in a hash table in memory (e.g. main memory 1514,1516, and/or mass storage device 1528 of FIG. 15, as described furtherbelow). In some examples, the product affinity manager 206 iteratesthrough and/or otherwise parses the transaction database 112 and countsthe occurrences of characteristic values in one or more transaction sets(e.g., transaction sets 504 of FIG. 5A) in the transaction database 112.In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, the product affinity manager 206receives and/or otherwise retrieves the new transaction set from thecharacteristic retriever 202 and increments the count on the map and/ortable of characteristic values corresponding to the characteristicvalues in the received new transaction set. In some examples, theexample product affinity manager 206 adds the new transaction set to thetransaction database 112 to be used by the example product affinitygenerator 204 as described below.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, the product affinity generator 204retrieves transaction sets (e.g., transaction sets 500 of FIG. 5A) fromthe transaction database 112. In some examples, the example productaffinity generator 204 also receives and/or otherwise retrieves the mapand/or table of characteristic value counts from the product affinitymanager 206. In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, the product affinitygenerator 204 generates item sets from the transaction sets 500. As usedherein, an item set is a permutation selected and/or otherwise generatedfrom the transaction sets 500. For example, a transaction set thatincludes three characteristic values (C2, C15 and C32) would reflect atleast six (6) item sets, one for each permutation. Stated differently,the six (6) item sets would be (C2→C15), (C2→C32), (C15→C32), (C15→C2),(C32→C2) and (C32→C15). As disclosed above, the arrow symbol “→”reflects an implication or occurrence between characteristics. Forinstance, (C2→C15) represents characteristic C2 “implies” or “impliesthe occurrence of” characteristic C15. In other examples, thepermutations of transaction sets may include two or more characteristicvalues. Continuing with the example three characteristic values C2, C15and C32, item sets may include (C2→C15 and C32), (C15→C2 and C32),(C32→C2 and C15), (C2 and C15→C32), (C2 and C32→C15), etc.

While a number of permutations for a given transaction set may be large,examples disclosed herein identify particular item sets (permutations)that exhibit a threshold number of occurrences. As disclosed above,product affinity refers to a metric that reflects a likelihood of whichcharacteristic values occur together in a transaction with an occurrencethreshold and/or a level of confidence. As such, the example productaffinity generator 204 then generates frequent item sets from the itemsets. As used herein, frequent item sets are item sets that have athreshold (e.g., minimum) level of support. In the illustrated example,support for an item set (e.g. item set X) is defined in a mannerconsistent with example Equation (1).

$\begin{matrix}{{{Sup}(X)} = {\frac{{{No}.\mspace{14mu} {of}}\mspace{14mu} {Transaction}{\mspace{11mu} \;}{Sets}\mspace{14mu} {containing}\mspace{14mu} X}{{Total}\mspace{14mu} {{No}.\mspace{14mu} {of}}\mspace{14mu} {Transaction}\mspace{14mu} {Sets}}*100\%}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (1)}\end{matrix}$

In some examples, the threshold level of support is a minimum thresholdpercentage value defined by the MRE 102.

In some examples, the product affinity generator 204 generates thefrequent item sets by using a frequent item set analysis. The frequentitem set analysis may include, for example, a frequent-pattern growthalgorithm, an apriori algorithm, a CLOSET algorithm, a CHARM algorithm,an Opus algorithm, and/or any other frequent item set analysistechnique. In a frequent-pattern growth algorithm, for example, theproduct affinity generator 204 of the illustrated example constructs afrequent-pattern tree and iterates through conditional trees to generatethe item sets from the transaction sets. In such examples, the productaffinity generator 204 separates item sets that have a threshold (e.g.,minimum) level of support (e.g., frequent item sets) and discards theitem sets that do not have the threshold (e.g., minimum) level ofsupport. In some examples, before generating frequent item sets, theexample product affinity generator 204 removes characteristic valuesfrom the transaction sets 504 for characteristic values with counts onthe map and/or table of characteristic value counts that do not exceed afrequency support threshold defined by the MRE 102.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, the product affinity generator 204creates one or more associations from frequent item sets. To generateassociations of the frequent item set, the example product affinitygenerator 204 of FIG. 2 generates nonempty subsets of the frequent itemset and creates an association in a manner consistent with exampleEquation (2).

(S→(−S)),   Equation (2)

where S is a nonempty subset of frequent item set F, S is the left handside (LHS) of the association, and (F−S) is the right hand side (RHS) ofthe association. For example, a frequent item set {A, B, C} may have theassociations of (A,B→C), (B,C→A), (A,C→B), (C→A,B), (B→A,C), and(A→B,C). The example product affinity generator 204 of FIG. 2 calculatesa level of confidence for each created association. The level ofconfidence is defined in a manner consistent with example Equation (3).

$\begin{matrix}{{{Conf}\left( {LHS}\rightarrow{RHS} \right)} = {\frac{{Sup}\left( {{LHS}\bigcup{RHS}} \right)}{{Sup}({LHS})}*100\%}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (3)}\end{matrix}$

Product affinity rules are associations generated from frequent itemsets that have a level of confidence above and/or otherwise satisfy athreshold (e.g., minimum) level of confidence as defined by the MRE 102.

As a quantity of additional transaction sets is evaluated, one or moreproduct affinity rules is added to and/or updated with the exampleproduct recommender 208. As such, in response to receiving and/orotherwise retrieving a new transaction set (e.g., a transaction set 504associated with a transaction identifier 214 representing one or moreproducts purchased by a consumer during a shopping trip), the exampleproduct recommender 208 identifies one or more previouslydeveloped/calculated product affinity rules to identify one or moreadditional products having a likelihood of purchase.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, the product recommender 208receives and/or otherwise retrieves the affinity rule(s) generated bythe product affinity generator 204. The example product recommender 208of FIG. 2 also receives and/or otherwise retrieves the new transactionset created by the example characteristic retriever 202 as describedabove. The example product recommender 208 selects one or more affinityrules that contain characteristic values in the example received newtransaction set. The example product recommender 208 of the illustratedexample retrieves at least one product ID from the example productcharacteristic database 110 corresponding to a product withcharacteristic values that satisfies at least one of the selectedaffinity rules (e.g., contains characteristic values from the RHS of theaffinity rule). In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, the productrecommender 208 generates one or more product recommendations 216 (e.g.,coupons, advertisement prompts, cross-promotional offers, marketingsuggestions, product development research, etc.). In some examples, theproduct recommender 208 sends the product recommendation 216 to thetransaction processor 100 and/or a commercial entity (e.g., a retailer,a marketer, a manufacturer, etc.) associated with the transactionprocessor 100.

In still other examples, the product recommender 208 generates a rankedlist of products having a greatest relative likelihood of beingpurchased in the respective transaction. The ranked list of products maybe arranged based on respective level of confidence values (e.g.,scores), such that products having the highest relative confidence valuescore are placed first, while relatively lower confidence value scoresfor other products have respectively lower rankings.

In some examples, a market researcher may wish to identify one or moreappropriate target markets for the example products. For example, theproducts deemed to have the strongest product affinity with each othermay also have a corresponding greater or lesser likelihood of purchasedepending on particular attributes of a consumer segment. Examplemethods, apparatus, systems and/or articles of manufacture disclosedherein identify relationships between product characteristics andsegment attributes. In operation, examples disclosed herein facilitatepredictive analytics to determine which consumer segments are likely topurchase particular products of interest. Additionally or alternatively,examples disclosed herein may facilitate simulations of new products toidentify which consumer/market segments will offer the greatestmarketing opportunity. Additionally, in the event a product manufacturerhas a product that sells in a first segment, but not in a secondsegment, examples disclosed herein may identify which one or moreproduct characteristics, if added to the product, will enable theproduct manufacturer to sell the product in the second segment. In otherwords, examples disclosed herein allow a product manufacturer to developa new product that can penetrate new segments of interest.

As discussed above, while some correlations occur between certainproduct characteristics to reveal associated product marketingopportunities, additional marketing opportunity insight may bedeveloped, calculated and/or otherwise revealed in connection withsegment attributes related to consumers that purchase those products.For example, relevant characteristics of a candidate yogurt product thatexhibit relatively high product affinity scores are low calories, highprotein and low carbohydrates. On the other hand, purchasers of theyogurt product of interest exhibit segment characteristics of regularexercise, regular doctor appointments, healthy eating, and nutritionawareness. Accordingly, by identifying a link between productcharacteristics and corresponding segment attributes having an affinitytherebetween, product marketing decisions may be designed in a mannerthat improves marketing success and/or otherwise allows predictions ofwhich segments are likely to purchase products/services of interest.

All consumers are divided into groups and/or marketing segments based ongeographical, demographical, behavioral, lifestyle, etc., attributes. Aparticular segment (e.g., Seg1) may have any number and type ofattribute, such as one or more geographical attributes (G₁, G₂, . . . ,G_(n)), one or more demographic attributes (D₁, D₂, . . . , D_(n)), oneor more lifestyle attributes (L₁, L₂, . . . , L_(n)) one or morebehavioral attributes (B₁, B₂, . . . , B_(n)), etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 5B, a consumer segment table 550includes a segment column 552 and an attributes column 554 to identifywhich attributes are associated with the segment in the correspondingsegment column 552. Information related to segments in the examplesegment column 552 and attributes in the example attributes column 554is stored in the example segment database 114, which derives suchsegment related information from panelists. In some examples, segmentcategory information and/or corresponding segment attributes of thepanelists are stored in the example segment database 114 after eachproduct purchase. In still other examples, the panelist purchaser isreferenced against a segmentation system to reveal a particular segmenttype and corresponding attributes associated with that particularsegment type.

In operation, after product characteristics are identified (e.g., pairsof product characteristics, groups of two or more productcharacteristics, etc.) that satisfy (a) a threshold level of support(e.g., via satisfaction in a manner consistent with example Equation 1)and (b) a threshold level of confidence (e.g., via satisfaction in amanner consistent with example Equation 3), the example attributeretriever 220 identifies segments associated with the purchased productsfrom which the product characteristics were derived. As discussed above,evaluation of the product characteristics was based on productspurchased in the example transaction sets 504 of the illustrated exampleof FIG. 5B. The retrieved segments associated with correspondingproducts associated with the product identifiers (see the productidentifier column 302 of FIG. 5A) are parsed by the example attributeretriever 220 to identify corresponding segment attributes that defineeach segment associated with the panelist that purchased products fromthe transaction set(s). For example, the attribute retriever 220 mayidentify “Seg1” 556 from the illustrated example table 550 of FIG. 5Band determine and/or otherwise retrieve corresponding segment attributes558 associated therewith. In some examples, the segment attributes 558may be defined by a segmentation system, such as the PRIZM® segmentationsystem by The Nielsen Company®.

The example segment affinity manager 224 generates segment affinityrules based on corresponding segment attributes occurring together in amanner that satisfies a threshold level of support and a threshold levelof confidence. In particular, identified segment attributes fromidentified segments of interest are counted to determine whether theyoccur a threshold number of times and, if not, such segment attributesare removed from further consideration when searching for segmentattribute combinations that may have a degree of affinity therebetween.Remaining attributes are assembled in item sets to form possiblepermutations/combinations. For example, if segment attributes G1, G2,and L2 are determined to occur a threshold number of times, thenpossible permutations of these segment attributes are (G1→G2 and L2),(G2→G1 and L2), (L2→G1 and G2), (G1 and G2→L2), (G1 and L2→G2) and (G2and L2→G1). As described above in connection with product characteristicitem sets generated from the transaction sets, a frequent-pattern tree,a frequent-pattern growth algorithm, an apriori algorithm, a CLOSETalgorithm, a CHARM algorithm, an Opus algorithm and/or any other itemset analysis technique may be applied to generate potential alternateattribute combinations/permutations. The attribute affinity generator226 then applies resulting combinations/permutations to test forsatisfaction of (a) a level of support and (b) a level of confidence.

Those attribute combinations/permutations that satisfy particularthreshold levels of support and confidence are deemed to relate to thepreviously identified product characteristics that also satisfied thethreshold level of support and confidence. Stated differently, theattribute combinations are deemed to have an affinity to the productcharacteristics, thereby indicating a likelihood of success for productshaving those particular characteristics selling within segments havingthose particular attributes. Accordingly, the retained attributecombinations/permutations serve as target attribute indictors whenidentifying one or more segments to be targeted for marketing of theproducts of interest having the previously identified characteristicproduct affinities. In other words, such retained attributecombinations/permutations facilitate predicting which segments may betargeted with products/services of interest. In still other examples,once affinities have been identified between particular productcharacteristics and corresponding segment attributes, thereby resultingin an “affinity set,” examples disclosed herein determine new productshaving additional and/or otherwise alternate product characteristicsthat, if added/modified to an existing product, will exhibit success ina segment of interest in which the product manufacturer is not yetparticipating. As such, examples disclosed herein enable new augmentedproducts to be introduced into a segment of interest with reduced riskof failure, and reduces waste (e.g., financial waste, organizationalresource waste, etc.) by retooling a product for introduction into thesegment of interest that may result from trial-and-error, managementdiscretionary judgement, and/or focus groups that do not properlyreflect the tastes and desires of the target segment of interest.

While an example manner of implementing the affinity manager 106 of FIG.1 is illustrated in FIG. 2, one or more of the elements, processesand/or devices illustrated in FIG. 2 may be combined, divided,re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way.Further, the example product retriever 200, the example characteristicsretriever 202, the example product affinity generator 204, the exampleproduct affinity manager 206, the example product recommender 208, theexample segment attribute retriever 220, the example segment affinitymanager 224, the example attribute affinity generator 226, the exampleattribute permutation engine 228 and/or, more generally, the exampleaffinity manager 106 of FIG. 1 may be implemented by hardware, software,firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware.Thus, for example, any of the example product retriever 200, the examplecharacteristics retriever 202, the example product affinity generator204, the example product affinity manager 206, the example productrecommender 208, the example segment attribute retriever 220, theexample segment affinity manager 224, the example attribute affinitygenerator 226, the example attribute permutation engine 228 and/or, moregenerally, the example affinity manager 106 could be implemented by oneor more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmableprocessor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)),programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logicdevice(s) (FPLD(s)). When reading any of the apparatus or system claimsof this patent to cover a purely software and/or firmwareimplementation, at least one of the example, product retriever 200, theexample characteristics retriever 202, the example product affinitygenerator 204, the example product affinity manager 206, the exampleproduct recommender 208, the example segment attribute retriever 220,the example segment affinity manager 224, the example attribute affinitygenerator 226, and/or the example attribute permutation engine 228is/are hereby expressly defined to include a tangible computer readablestorage device or storage disk such as a memory, a digital versatiledisk (DVD), a compact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc. storing thesoftware and/or firmware. Further still, the example affinity manager106 of FIG. 1 may include one or more elements, processes and/or devicesin addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIG. 2, and/or mayinclude more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements,processes and devices.

Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions forimplementing the affinity manager 106 of FIGS. 1 and 2 are shown inFIGS. 6-14. In these examples, the machine readable instructionscomprise one or more programs for execution by one or more processors,such as the processor 1512 shown in the example processor platform 1500discussed below in connection with FIG. 15.

The program(s) may be embodied in software stored on a tangible computerreadable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, adigital versatile disk (DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associatedwith the processor 1512, but the entire program(s) and/or parts thereofcould alternatively be executed by a device other than the processor1412 and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further,although the example program(s) is described with reference to theflowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 6-14, many other methods of implementingthe example affinity manager 106 may alternatively be used. For example,the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of theblocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 6-14 may beimplemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machinereadable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storagemedium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory(ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, arandom-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage device or storagedisk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extendedtime periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarilybuffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, theterm tangible computer readable storage medium is expressly defined toinclude any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage diskand to exclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. Asused herein, “tangible computer readable storage medium” and “tangiblemachine readable storage medium” are used interchangeably.

Additionally or alternatively, the example processes of FIGS. 6-14 maybe implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machinereadable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/ormachine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, aread-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, arandom-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk inwhich information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended timeperiods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering,and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the termnon-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to includeany type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and toexclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media.

As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transitionterm in a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner asthe term “comprising” is open ended.

The example program 600 of FIG. 6 is executed to implement the exampleaffinity manager 106 of FIGS. 1 and 2 to generate one or more productrecommendations (e.g., the product recommendation 216 of FIG. 2) and/orto identify one or more segment attributes having a degree of affinitywith one or more product characteristics. Initially, at block 602, theproduct retriever 200 (FIG. 2), the characteristic retriever 202 (FIG.2) and/or the product affinity manager 206 (FIG. 2) receive and/orotherwise retrieve trade item numbers (e.g., the trade item numbers 212)from a transaction processor (e.g., the one of the transactionprocessors 100 of FIG. 1), and generate one or more new transaction sets(e.g., one of the transaction sets 504 of FIG. 5A) using characteristicvalues (e.g., the retrieved characteristic values 502 of FIG. 5A, thecharacteristic values 402 of FIG. 4, etc.) retrieved from a productcharacteristic database 118 (FIG. 1). Example processes that may be usedto generate new transaction sets are described below in connection withFIGS. 7 and 8.

At block 604, the product affinity generator 204 (FIG. 2) generates oneor more product affinity rules based on the new transaction setgenerated at block 602 and at least one existing transaction setretrieved from the transaction database 112 (FIG. 1). An example processthat may be used to generate product affinity rules is described belowin connection with FIG. 9. In some examples, the generated productaffinity rules may be used for different purposes (block 605). Forinstance, if product recommendation(s) are to be generated (block 605),the example program 600 advances to block 606, and if further analysisof information related to segment attributes is to occur (block 605),then the example program 600 advances to block 610. At block 606, theproduct recommender 208 (FIG. 2) generates a product recommendation(e.g., the product recommendation 216 of FIG. 2) based on the affinityrule(s) generated at block 604. At block 608, the product recommender208 sends the product recommendation generated at block 606 to thetransaction processor 100 that sent the trade item numbers 212 receivedat block 602. The example segment affinity manager 224 developsrelationships between product characteristic affinities and affinitiesassociated with segment attributes, thereby resulting in affinity sets(block 610). Using the identified affinity sets of the productcharacteristics and associated affinities associated with segmentattributes, the example affinity manager 106 analyzes existingproduct(s) for possible augmentation that will improve marketability ofa new augmented product in the segment of interest (block 612). Forexample, the existing product by a product manufacturer, when augmentedby one or more product characteristics having associated affinity withthe segment of interest, result in a new augmented product that willexhibit improved marketability and/or sales in the segment of interestin which the manufacturer may not currently participate. The exampleprogram 600 then ends.

An example program 602 of FIG. 7 is executed to implement the exampleproduct retriever 200 of FIG. 2, in which the example characteristicretriever 202 (FIG. 2) and/or the example product affinity manager 206(FIG. 2) generates new transaction sets (e.g., the transaction sets 500of FIG. 5A) based on retrieval and/or receipt of a product transactionfrom the example transaction processor(s) 100. Initially at block 702,the product retriever 200 retrieves a trade item number (e.g., the tradeitem number 212 (e.g., UPC) of FIG. 2) associated with a transaction ID(e.g., the transaction ID 214 of FIG. 2). At block 704, the productretriever 200 retrieves a product ID (e.g., product ID 302 of FIG. 3)from a product database 108 using the trade item number received atblock 702.

At block 706, the product affinity manager 206 increments a count on amap and/or table of product counts for the product associated with theproduct ID retrieved at block 704. At block 708, the characteristicretriever 202 retrieves characteristic value(s) (e.g., thecharacteristic values 402 of FIG. 4) from the product characteristicdatabase 110 using the product ID retrieved at block 704. At block 710,the product affinity manager 206 increments a count on a map and/ortable of characteristic counts for characteristic values defined by theMRE 102 (FIG. 1). At block 712, the product affinity manager 206 addsthe characteristic values retrieved at block 708 to a new transactionset (e.g., one of the transaction sets 500 of FIG. 5A) associated withthe transaction ID received at block 702.

At block 714, the product retriever 200 determines if there are moreproducts associated with the transaction ID 214 (e.g., has receivedanother trade item number from the transaction processor 100, has notreceived an end-of-transaction indicator, etc.). If there are moreproducts in the transaction, program control returns to block 702. Ifthere are no more products associated with transaction ID 214, programcontrol advances to block 716. At block 716, the product affinitymanager 206 adds the new transaction set generated at block 712 to thetransaction database 112. The example program 602 then ends and controladvances to block 604 of FIG. 6.

An example program 603 of FIG. 8 is executed to implement the exampleproduct retriever 200 of FIG. 2, in which the example characteristicretriever 202 (FIG. 2) and/or the example product affinity manager 206(FIG. 2) generates new transaction sets (e.g., the transaction sets 500of FIG. 5A) based on retrieval of transaction record(s) from the exampletransaction processor(s) 100. Initially, at block 802, the productretriever 200 receives a transaction record (e.g., the transactionrecord 210 of FIG. 2) associated with a transaction ID (e.g. thetransaction ID 214 of FIG. 2) containing at least one trade item number(e.g., the trade item numbers 212 of FIG. 2). At block 804, the productretriever 200 retrieves a product ID (e.g., product ID 302 of FIG. 3)from a product database 108 using one of the trade item numbers receivedat block 802.

At block 806, the characteristic retriever 202 retrieves characteristicvalue(s) (e.g., the characteristic values 402 of FIG. 4) from theproduct characteristic database 110 using the product ID retrieved atblock 804. At block 808, the product affinity manager 206 increments acount on a map and/or table of characteristic counts for characteristicvalues defined by the MRE 102 (FIG. 1). At block 810, the productaffinity manager 206 adds the characteristic values retrieved at block806 to a new transaction set (e.g., one of the transaction sets 500 ofFIG. 5A) associated with the transaction ID received at block 802.

At block 812, the product retriever 200 determines if there are moretrade item numbers in the transaction record received at block 802. Ifthere are more products in the transaction, program control returns toblock 804. If there are no more trade item numbers in the transactionrecord, program control advances to block 814. At block 814, the productaffinity manager 206 adds the new transaction set generated at block 810to the transaction database 112. The example program 603 then ends andcontrol advances to block 604 of FIG. 6.

An example program 604 of FIG. 9 is executed to implement the exampleproduct affinity generator 204 of FIG. 2 to generate affinity rulesbased on transaction sets. Initially, at block 902, the product affinitygenerator 204 retrieves transaction sets (e.g., transaction sets 500 ofFIG. 5A) from the transaction database 112 (FIG. 1) and the newtransaction set generated by the product affinity manager 206 (FIG. 2).In some examples, the product affinity generator 204 retrieves all thetransaction sets from the transaction database 112. In some examples,the product affinity generator 204 grabs a portion of the transactionsets from the transaction database 112 based on, for example, commercialestablishment type (e.g., a grocery store, an electronics store, awarehouse store, etc.), a product category (e.g., electronics, clothing,toys, etc.), a date/range of dates, and/or transaction sets that havecharacteristic values in common with the new transaction set.

At block 904, the product affinity generator 204 removes characteristicvalues from the transaction sets retrieved at block 902 that do not havecounts on the map and/or table of characteristic value counts that areless than a threshold frequency of support defined by the MRE 102 (FIG.1). At block 906, the product affinity generator 204 generates frequentitem sets from the transaction sets prepared at block 904. An exampleprocess that may be used to generate frequent item sets is describedbelow in connection with FIG. 10. At block 908, the product affinitygenerator 204 creates associations from the frequent item sets generatedat block 906. At block 910, the product affinity generator 204calculates a level of confidence (e.g., using Equation (3) discussedabove) for each of the associations created at block 908. At block 912,the product affinity generator 204 compares the levels of confidence forthe association rules calculated at block 910 to a threshold level ofconfidence defined by the MRE 102. The product affinity generator 204retains, as affinity rules, the association with a level of confidencethat is greater than or equal to the threshold level of confidence. As aresult, examples disclosed herein identify which product characteristicgroupings (e.g., the product characteristics that make up the frequentitem sets) are the most likely to occur together. With this information,examples disclosed herein facilitate generation of productrecommendations (e.g., at the point of sale, pre-market new productanalysis, etc.), and/or facilitate marketing strategy development withtarget segments, as described in further detail below. The exampleprogram 604 then ends and control advances to block 605 of FIG. 6.

As described above, frequent item sets are identified from any number ofpermutations of product characteristic values (e.g., item sets). Thosepermutations that occur more than a threshold number of times may beidentified as the frequent item sets. Identifying which permutations areto be analyzed for possible advancement or establishment as a frequentitem set may be performed in any number of ways. For example, atree-projection may be employed, an Apriori algorithm may be employed, afrequent pattern growth algorithm (e.g., frequent-pattern tree) may beemployed, and/or each available permutation may be assembled and testedfor a corresponding frequency count, without limitation. A non-limitingexample of the frequent-pattern tree is described below, but examplesdisclosed herein are not limited thereto.

An example program 906 of FIG. 10 is executed to implement the exampleproduct affinity generator 204 of FIG. 2 to generate frequent item setsbased on transaction sets. Initially, at block 1002, the productaffinity generator 204 generates a frequent-pattern tree fromtransaction sets (e.g. the transaction sets 500 of FIG. 5A). In someexamples, the example product affinity generator 204 generates afrequent pattern-tree using at least a portion of transaction setsretrieved from a transaction database 112 (FIG. 1) (e.g., thetransaction sets retrieved at block 902 by example program 604 of FIG.9). At block 1004, the product affinity generator 204 selects an endnode on the frequent-pattern tree generated at block 1002. At block1006, the product affinity generator 204 generates a conditionalfrequent-pattern tree based on the end node selected at block 1004.

At block 1008, the product affinity generator 204 traverses theconditional frequent-pattern tree generated at block 1006 to create itemsets associated with the end node selected at block 1004. At block 1010,the product affinity generator 204 calculates a level of support (e.g.,using Equation (1) discussed above) for the item sets created at block1008 and adds the item sets generated at block 1008 that have a level ofsupport greater than or equal to a threshold level of support as definedby the MRE 102 (FIG. 1) to a list of frequent item sets. At block 1012,the product affinity generator 204 removes the end node selected atblock 1004 from the frequent-pattern tree generated at block 1002. Atblock 1014, the product affinity generator 204 determines whether thefrequent-pattern tree is empty. If the frequent-pattern tree is notempty, program control returns to block 1004. If the frequent-patterntree is empty, the example program 906 ends and control advances toblock 908 of FIG. 9.

An example program 606 of FIG. 11 is executed to implement the exampleproduct recommender 208 of FIG. 2 to generate product recommendations(e.g., the product recommendation 216 of FIG. 2). Initially, at block1102, the product recommender 208 selects one or more affinity rules(e.g., the affinity rules generated by example program 900 of FIG. 9).In some examples, the product recommender 208 selects an affinity rulecontaining characteristic values on the LHS of the affinity rule thatare in the transaction set created by the characteristic retriever 202(FIG. 2). At block 1104, the product recommender 208 retrieves one ormore product IDs from the product characteristic database 110 (FIG. 1)that are associated with characteristic values on the RSH of theaffinity rule selected at block 1102. At block 1106, the productrecommender 208 retrieves trade item numbers associated with the productIDs retrieved at block 1102 from the product database 108 (FIG. 1). Atblock 1108, the product recommender 208 generates a productrecommendation (e.g., coupons, advertisement prompts, cross-promotionaloffers, marketing suggestions, product development research, etc.) basedon the trade item numbers retrieved at block 1104. The example program606 then ends and control advances to block 608 of FIG. 6, as describedabove.

An example program 610 of FIG. 12 is executed by the example segmentaffinity manager 224, the example segment attribute retriever 220, theexample attribute affinity generator 226 and the example attributepermutation engine 228 to analyze segment attributes associated with theproduct characteristics found to have product affinities therebetween.Generally speaking, examples disclosed herein have determined and/orotherwise identified particular product characteristics that have thestrongest affinity with each other. In other words, the identifiedproduct characteristics are the most likely to occur together in apurchase transaction. While this information is particularly useful forthe generation of product recommendations having those stronglyassociated product characteristics, as described above, such informationcan also be used together with segment information to determine and/orotherwise identify which segment attributes have a strong affinitytherebetween. Knowledge of which segment attributes have a strongaffinity with each other allows marketing efforts to be targeted tosegments that include the one or more segment attributes having thestrong affinity relationship. In particular, because some segmentattributes are found in multiple other/different consumer segmentdefinitions, such other consumer segments may reflect potentialmarketing opportunities for products having the previously identifiedproduct characteristic affinities. Additionally, knowledge of affinitiesbetween particular product characteristics and corresponding segmentattributes reduces product placement errors and financial waste and/orpersonnel waste (e.g., product retooling, product redesign, etc.) whentargeting particular segments with promotional and/or marketing effortsassociated with the product.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 12, the product retriever 200 selectsthe product(s) that are associated with the characteristic values foundto have affinity therebetween (block 1202), as described above. Theexample segment attribute retriever 220 identifies segment(s) associatedwith the product(s) (block 1204), and extracts segment attributesassociated with the identified segment(s) (block 1206). In someexamples, a particular product of interest has an associated defaultsegment with which it belongs. For instance, an organic fruit drink withantioxidants may have a default segment of “Healthful Foodies.” However,after identifying which particular segment attributes of the “HealthfulFoodies” exhibit the strongest affinity, one or more other segments maybe revealed that also contain one or more of those segment attributeshaving affinity therebetween. Attribute sets may be stored in theexample segment database 114 for later analysis. As described above,each segment has one or more segment attributes that define the segment,in which the one or more segment attributes may reflect a particulardemographic attribute (e.g., gender, age, etc.), a particular geographicattribute (e.g., town, city, state, region, country, etc.), a particularbehavioral attribute (e.g., recreational runner, competitive swimmer,sedentary, etc.) and/or a particular lifestyle attribute (e.g., theateraficionado, married, single, single with children, married withchildren, etc.).

The example segment affinity manager 224 generates one or more segmentaffinity rules (block 1208), as described in further detail inconnection with FIG. 13. The affinity rules identify which attributesets (e.g., two or more segment attributes that could occur together)satisfy threshold levels of support and threshold levels of confidence.The example attribute affinity generator 226 associates frequentattribute sets as target attributes to be used when marketing toconsumers with products that also contain the previously identifiedproduct characteristics having affinity relationships (block 1210), suchas the example product characteristics identified in connection withexample FIG. 9. The affinity manager 106 retains the (a) targetattributes found to have affinity therebetween and (b) productcharacteristics having affinity therebetween as affinity sets. In otherwords, the target attributes and corresponding product characteristicsare identified as having affinity with each other.

FIG. 13 illustrates additional detail for generating segment affinityrules (block 1208). In the illustrated example of FIG. 13, the segmentattribute retriever 220 retrieves attribute sets previously stored inthe example segment database 114 (block 1302). The example attributeaffinity generator 226 removes segment attributes from the attributesets that fail to satisfy a threshold frequency of occurrence (block1304). For example, in the event a relatively obscure segment attributehas been identified, but only occurs on an infrequent basis, furtherprocessing of that obscure segment attribute is removed to, in part,improve processing resources when identifying possible permutations ofsegment attributes. The example attribute permutation engine 228generates segment attribute item sets based on potential combinations ofthe individual segment attributes identified (block 1306). Generallyspeaking, each segment attribute may be found to occur inconnection/association with one or more other segment attributes. Whenand if such combinations of two or more segment attributes occur in amanner that satisfies one or more threshold criteria (e.g., a thresholdlevel of support in a manner consistent with example Equation 1, athreshold level of confidence in a manner consistent with exampleEquation 3), then such combined segment attributes are deemed to besignificant indicators of marketing success for the correspondingproducts that may have associated product characteristics that alsooccur in a manner that satisfies the threshold affinity criteria.

The example attribute affinity generator 226 calculates level(s) ofsupport for item sets to establish and/or otherwise define frequent itemsets (block 1308). As described above, an item set is deemed a frequentitem set (e.g., a frequent attribute item set) in the event it satisfiesthreshold criteria in a manner consistent with example Equation 1.Additionally, the example attribute affinity generator 226 determineswhether the established frequent attribute sets also satisfy one or morethreshold confidence levels in a manner consistent with example Equation3 (block 1310). For example, the attribute affinity generator identifiesa number of instances when a first segment attribute occurs along with asecond segment attribute. When such occurrences satisfy a thresholdvalue (e.g., a percentage value), then those two example attributes aredeemed to have a strong affinity therebetween. While the example aboverefers to two example segment attributes, examples disclosed herein arenot limited thereto.

Continuing with the example above, the two segment attributes may beidentified and/or otherwise designated as a target attribute pair. Assuch, additional and/or alternate segments of interest may be discoveredthat also share these two segment attributes, thereby facilitatingmarket strategy options. Those frequent item sets (of segmentattributes) that satisfy the one or more threshold confidence levels areidentified as candidate segment attributes to be used in marketingefforts for the previously identified products of interest that containproduct characteristics with affinity (block 1312).

While examples disclosed above identify which segments will best promotesales of a particular product, thereby allowing the product manufacturerto avoid wasteful marketing campaigns in ineffective segments,additional examples disclosed herein permit new product development toallow the product manufacturer to enter a segment type that they mightnot currently reside and/or otherwise participate. After affinities havebeen established and/or otherwise identified between particular productcharacteristics and corresponding segment attributes, a target segmentof interest may be selected. The target segment of interest may reflecta particular population of consumers that the product manufacturer doesnot currently target because of, for example, relatively poor sales fromone or more prior attempts at that target segment.

In operation, the example segment attribute retriever 220 selects atarget segment of interest and selects one attribute from that targetsegment of interest, and the example product affinity manager 206determines whether the attribute has an affinity with a particularproduct characteristic. If so, the example product affinity manager 206determines whether the product characteristic is already included in theexisting product to be augmented. If not, then the example affinitymanager 106 determines whether it is possible to add the candidatecharacteristic to the existing product. For example, if the candidatecharacteristic is associated with a crunchy texture, but the existingproduct is a smooth peanut butter, then adding this particular candidatecharacteristic is inconsistent with the existing product. However, forthe sake of this example, assume the candidate characteristic isassociated with increased fiber. In this example case, the exampleaffinity manager 106 identifies the candidate characteristic as apotential augmentation option for the existing product, therebygenerating a new product having a greater likelihood of success for theselected segment of interest.

FIG. 14 illustrates additional detail associated with productaugmentation analysis as described above and in connection with FIG. 6(block 612). In the illustrated example of FIG. 14, the example segmentattribute retriever 220 selects a target segment of interest from theexample segment database 114 (block 1402). In some examples, theselected target segment of interest is associated with a particularsegment that the product manufacturer wishes to consider for marketingpurposes. In other examples, the selected target segment of interest isassociated with a set of consumers having a particular volume orpresence within a designated market area (DMA). In still other examples,the target segment is unassociated with the existing product at thecurrent time, but the product manufacturer may desire participationwithin the target segment of interest to improve sales. The examplesegment attribute retriever 220 selects one attribute from the targetsegment of interest (block 1404), and the example product affinitymanager 206 evaluates the attribute to determine whether it has anestablished affinity with a product characteristic from the affinity set(block 1406).

The example product affinity manager 206 evaluates the existing productto determine whether the product characteristic is already included inthat existing product (block 1408). If so, control advances to block1414 to determine if the candidate attribute has any additionalcharacteristics to consider. However, if the product characteristic isnot already included in the existing product (block 1408), then theexample affinity manager 106 determines whether the productcharacteristic is suitable for addition to the existing product (block1410). In some examples, the product database 108 includes categoricalinformation for each product that may be marketed. For example, TheNielsen Company maintains a Product Reference Library (PRL) that codesmore than 700,000 items, in which each item includes an average of forty(40) descriptive characteristics. The characteristics for each item mayinclude, but are not limited to, manufacturer name, product size, brand,flavor, lot number, serial number, package type, and/or nutritionalinformation. Additionally, the PRL also includes the associated UPC forthe product. The example affinity manager 106 evaluates whether theproduct characteristic under consideration is consistent with theexisting product being considered for augmentation. For example, in theevent the existing product already includes a characteristic of “glutenfree,” and the product characteristic under consideration is “enrichedflour,” then the example affinity manager 106 identifies the productcharacteristic under consideration as incompatible with the existingproduct. However, in the event the product characteristic underconsideration is appropriate, the example affinity manager 106 adds theproduct characteristic as a candidate characteristic that can be addedto the existing product, thereby creating a new augmented product thatwill exhibit improved sales in the target segment of interest (block1412).

The example product affinity manager 206 determines whether anyadditional product characteristics are yet to be considered that alsohave affinity with the attribute under consideration (block 1414). Ifso, control returns to block 1408, otherwise the example segmentattribute retriever 220 determines whether the selected target segmentof interest has additional attributes to consider (block 1416). If nofurther attributes are to be considered, then the example program 612ends with one or more candidate product characteristics that aresuitable to add to the existing product that will improve market successin the selected target segment of interest.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 1500 capableof executing the instructions of FIGS. 6-14 to implement the affinitymanager 106 of FIGS. 1 and 2. The processor platform 1500 can be, forexample, a server, a personal computer, a mobile device (e.g., a cellphone, a smart phone, a tablet such as an iPad™), a personal digitalassistant (PDA), an Internet appliance, a DVD player, a CD player, adigital video recorder, a Blu-ray player, a gaming console, a personalvideo recorder, a set top box, or any other type of computing device.

The processor platform 1500 of the illustrated example includes aprocessor 1512. The processor 1512 of the illustrated example ishardware. For example, the processor 1512 can be implemented by one ormore integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors or controllersfrom any desired family or manufacturer.

The processor 1512 of the illustrated example includes a local memory1513 (e.g., a cache). The processor 1512 of the illustrated example isin communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1514 anda non-volatile memory 1516 via a bus 1518. The volatile memory 1514 maybe implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM),Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory(RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. Thenon-volatile memory 1516 may be implemented by flash memory and/or anyother desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1514,1516 is controlled by a memory controller.

The processor platform 1500 of the illustrated example also includes aninterface circuit 1520. The interface circuit 1520 may be implemented byany type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, auniversal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 1522 are connectedto the interface circuit 1520. The input device(s) 1522 permit(s) a userto enter data and commands into the processor 1512. The input device(s)can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, acamera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, atrack-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.

One or more output devices 1524 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 1520 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1524 can beimplemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emittingdiode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystaldisplay, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a touchscreen, a tactileoutput device, a light emitting diode (LED), a printer and/or speakers).The interface circuit 1520 of the illustrated example, thus, typicallyincludes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip or a graphicsdriver processor.

The interface circuit 1520 of the illustrated example also includes acommunication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, amodem and/or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data withexternal machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network1526 (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), atelephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).

The processor platform 1500 of the illustrated example also includes oneor more mass storage devices 1528 for storing software and/or data.Examples of such mass storage devices 1528 include floppy disk drives,hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, RAIDsystems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.

The coded instructions 1532 of FIGS. 6-14 may be stored in the massstorage device 1528, in the volatile memory 1514, in the non-volatilememory 1516, and/or on a removable tangible computer readable storagemedium such as a CD or DVD.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that examples have beendisclosed which allow affinity rules for characteristic values to bedynamically generated with up-to-date transaction sets. Examples havebeen disclosed which allow a market research entity to provide crosspromotional planning through characteristic value level affinity rules.Furthermore, by also identifying corresponding segment attributes thathave a relatively strong association with each other, one or moreadditional and/or alternate segments of interest may be identifiedhaving a greater likelihood of product marketing success. By consideringand/or otherwise identifying potential associations between productcharacteristics and segment attributes, computational resources mayoperate in a more efficient manner by reducing a number of matchingiterations required to determine which consumer segment(s) are likely toimprove sales of a product of interest.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacturehave been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is notlimited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods,apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope ofthe claims of this patent.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a product affinitygenerator to: identify a first product characteristic corresponding to afirst product and a second product characteristic corresponding to asecond product, the first product and the second product associated witha first transaction; perform a comparison of an occurrence of the firstproduct characteristic and the second product characteristic in the sametransaction to a frequency support threshold; define a level ofassociation between the first product characteristic and the secondproduct characteristic based on the comparison; generate an affinityrule based on the level of association between the first productcharacteristic and the second product characteristic; and a productrecommender to: identify a third product characteristic corresponding toa third product associated with a second transaction; generate arecommendation for a fourth product in connection with the secondtransaction based on the affinity rule and the third productcharacteristic; and cause an advertisement including the fourth productto be transmitted for presentation.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe first product characteristic includes one or more of a brandassociated with the first product, a product type associated with thefirst product, a color associated with the first product, or packagingassociated with the first product.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe affinity rule is a first affinity rule and the product affinitygenerator is to generate a second affinity rule based on the thirdproduct and the fourth product.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thefirst product and the second product define a first transaction set andthe product affinity generator is to: identify, based on the thirdproduct characteristic, a second transaction set including a fifthproduct and a sixth product; and generate the affinity rule based on thesecond transaction set.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the productaffinity generator is to: identify a third transaction set; perform acomparison of a product characteristic associated with the thirdtransaction set to the frequency support threshold; generate theaffinity rule based on the second transaction set if the thirdtransaction satisfies the frequency support threshold; and refrain fromusing the third transaction set to generate the affinity rule if thethird transaction set does not satisfy the frequency support threshold.6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the product affinity generator isto identify the first product and the second product based on one ormore of an establishment type associated with the second transaction ora product category associated with the second transaction.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the product affinity generator is to:assign a confidence level to the level of association between the firstproduct characteristic and the second product characteristic; andgenerate the affinity rule in response to the assignment of theconfidence level to the level of association.
 8. A non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium comprising instructions that, whenexecuted, cause at least one machine to at least: identify a firstproduct characteristic corresponding to a first product and a secondproduct characteristic corresponding to a second product, the firstproduct and the second product associated with a first transaction;perform a comparison of an occurrence of the first productcharacteristic and the second product characteristic in the sametransaction to a frequency support threshold; define a level ofassociation between the first product characteristic and the secondproduct characteristic based on the comparison; generate an affinityrule based on the level of association between the first productcharacteristic and the second product characteristic; identify a thirdproduct characteristic corresponding to a third product associated witha second transaction; generate a recommendation for a fourth product inconnection with the second transaction based on the affinity rule andthe third product characteristic; and cause an advertisement includingthe fourth product to be transmitted for presentation.
 9. Thenon-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein thefirst product characteristic includes one or more of a brand associatedwith the first product, a product type associated with the firstproduct, a color associated with the first product, or packagingassociated with the first product.
 10. The non-transitory computerreadable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the affinity rule is a firstaffinity rule and the instructions, when executed, cause the at leastone machine to generate a second affinity rule based on the thirdproduct and the fourth product.
 11. The non-transitory computer readablestorage medium of claim 8, wherein the first product and the secondproduct define a first transaction set and the instructions, whenexecuted, cause the at least one machine to: identify, based on thethird product characteristic, a second transaction set including a fifthproduct and a sixth product; and generate the affinity rule based on thesecond transaction set.
 12. The non-transitory computer readable storagemedium of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause theat least one machine to: identify a third transaction set; perform acomparison of a product characteristic associated with the thirdtransaction set to the frequency support threshold; generate theaffinity rule based on the second transaction set if the thirdtransaction satisfies the frequency support threshold; and refrain fromusing the third transaction set to generate the affinity rule if thethird transaction set does not satisfy the frequency support threshold.13. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least one machineto identify the first product and the second product based on one ormore of an establishment type associated with the second transaction ora product category associated with the second transaction.
 14. Thenon-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein theinstructions, when executed, cause the at least one machine to: assign aconfidence level to the level of association between the first productcharacteristic and the second product characteristic; and generate theaffinity rule in response to the assignment of the confidence level tothe level of association.
 15. An apparatus comprising: memory; and atleast one processor to execute instructions to: identify a first productcharacteristic corresponding to a first product and a second productcharacteristic corresponding to a second product, the first product andthe second product associated with a first transaction; perform acomparison of an occurrence of the first product characteristic and thesecond product characteristic in the same transaction to a frequencysupport threshold; define a level of association between the firstproduct characteristic and the second product characteristic based onthe comparison; generate an affinity rule based on the level ofassociation between the first product characteristic and the secondproduct characteristic; identify a third product characteristiccorresponding to a third product associated with a second transaction;generate a recommendation for a fourth product in connection with thesecond transaction based on the affinity rule and the third productcharacteristic; and cause an advertisement including the fourth productto be transmitted for presentation.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15,wherein the first product characteristic includes one or more of a brandassociated with the first product, a product type associated with thefirst product, a color associated with the first product, or packagingassociated with the first product.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15,wherein the affinity rule is a first affinity rule and the at least oneprocessor is to generate a second affinity rule based on the thirdproduct and the fourth product.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15, whereinthe at least one processor is to: assign a confidence level to the levelof association between the first product characteristic and the secondproduct characteristic; and generate the affinity rule in response tothe assignment of the confidence level to the level of association. 19.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first product and the secondproduct define a first transaction set and the at least one processor isto: identify, based on the third product characteristic, a secondtransaction set including a fifth product and a sixth product; andgenerate the affinity rule based on the second transaction set.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor is to:identify a third transaction set; perform a comparison of a productcharacteristic associated with the third transaction set to thefrequency support threshold; generate the affinity rule based on thesecond transaction set if the third transaction satisfies the frequencysupport threshold; and refrain from using the third transaction set togenerate the affinity rule if the third transaction set does not satisfythe frequency support threshold.